Human development is the process of growing to maturity. In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being.
Biological development
LS1B - Growth and Development - Life Science Disciplinary Core Idea 1B: Growth and Development Paul Andersen answers the following question: How do organisms grow and develop? Intro Music Atribution Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wa...
General aspects
Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The genetical material of the sperm and egg that combine to form a single cell, called a zygote, and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo, up until implantation. The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation.
The zygote contains a full complement of genetic material and develops into the embryo. Briefly, embryonic developments have four stages: the morula stage, the bastula stage, the gastrula stage, and the neurula stage. Prior to implantation, the embryo remains in a protein shell, the zona pellucida, and undergoes a series of cell divisions, called mitosis. A week after fertilization the embryo still has not grown in size, but hatches from the zona pellucida and adheres to the lining of the mother's uterus. This induces a decidual reaction, wherein the uterine cells proliferate and surround the embryo thus causing it to become embedded within the uterine tissue. The embryo, meanwhile, proliferates and develops both into embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue, the latter forming the fetal membranes and the placenta. In humans, the embryo is referred to as a fetus in the later stages of prenatal development. The transition from embryo to fetus is arbitrarily defined as occurring 8 weeks after fertilization. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a set of progressively developing internal organs. A nearly identical process occurs in other species.
Physical stages
The following are some approximate age ranges for physical development stages:
- Prenatal (sperm fertilizes egg â€" birth)
- Embryo (fertilization â€" 8 weeks after fertilization)
- Zygote, the single cell stage which occurs after fertilization
- Blastocyst, the stage prior to implantation, when the embryo is a hollow sphere
- Post-implantation embryo, the period 1â€"8 weeks after fertilization (3 to 10 weeks' gestation)
- Fetus, (10th week of pregnancy â€" birth)
- Embryo (fertilization â€" 8 weeks after fertilization)
The Tanner stages can be used to approximately judge a child's age based on physical development.
See also
- Auxology
- Child development
- Developmental biology
- Embryogenesis
- Life-history theory
Footnotes
